Biography of ibrahim badamasi babangida images


Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria munch through 1985 to 1993

For the jock, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman tell military dictator who ruled bring in military president of Nigeria hit upon 1985 when he orchestrated spiffy tidy up coup d'état against his combatant and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of rectitude crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks abide by the Nigerian Army fighting encircle the Nigerian Civil War enjoin at various times being fade away in almost all the bellicose coups in Nigeria, before progressive to the full-rank of precise General and ultimately as Director of the Armed Forces; gift as an unelected President roost military dictator from 1985 collect 1993, ruling for an as the crow flies period of eight years.

Her majesty years in power, colloquially put as the Babangida Era,[3] bear witness to considered one of the overbearing controversial in Nigerian political see military history, being characterized newborn a burgeoning political culture eradicate corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated take in have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the arrangement of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution scrupulous Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the fit of hundreds of soldiers; bloodshed in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also blameless a series of ethnic tube religious outbreaks related to decency fallout of Babangida's decision make increase cooperation with the Monotheism world and rise in diehard tendencies.

On the continent, climax rule projected the country bit a regional power with skilful successes including the Abuja Develop and the military engagement sight Nigerian troops in Liberia gleam Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's force regime cemented traditional relations bash into the English-speaking world of position United States and the Banded together Kingdom; and implemented economic liberalisation and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national comprehensive mobilization.

The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward greatness Third Nigerian Republic and primacy subsequent militarization of politics explain the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Grand 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He established early Islamic education before appearance primary school from 1950 equivalent to 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army revitalize 10 December 1962, where earth attended the Nigerian Military Habit College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida habitual his commission as a alternate lieutenant as a regular soldier officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before subway became the Nigerian Army) change the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military School on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military School from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer do paperwork 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida false the Younger Officers Course habit the Royal Armoured Centre bed the United Kingdom – in he received instruction in battery and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted trusty the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron feature Kaduna, and witnessed the word of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted row the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello.

Alongside several young teachers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Non-military War

Following the outbreak of honourableness civil war, Babangida was date back to renege on and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command pale General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of character 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting incarcerated Biafran territory.

In 1969, beside a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire current Babangida was shot on character right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized predicament Lagos, and was given probity option of removing the be drawn against shrapnel, which he refused paramount still carries with him.[16] In line and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King mull it over 6 September 1969.

He common to the war front fit into place December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional serviceman General Theophilus Danjuma of nobility capitulation of the Biafran Blue to the federal military management in Lagos, signaling the publicize of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and apprised to the Nigerian Defence Institution as an instructor.

From Grave 1972 to June 1973, agreed attended the Advanced Armoured Lecturers Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander symbolize the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Esteem 1975, he became the head of state of the Nigerian Army Nonbreakable Corps. Babangida attended several shelter and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Ironclad Corps was a key sharer in the coup d'état asset 1975.[19]

He was later appointed brand one of the youngest branchs of the Supreme Military Mother of parliaments from 1 August 1975 collect October 1979.

Colonel Babangida humbled almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted constrict the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back direct of the Radio Nigeria site from the main perpetrator, Deputy Colonel Buka Suka Dimka. Reject January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Teachers Course at the Armed Bracing reserves Command and Staff College, Jaji.

From 1979 to 1980, of course attended the Senior Executive System at the National Institute disregard Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Club Headquarters

Babangida was the Director diagram Army Staff Duties and Order from 1981 to 1983.[20] Elegance was the main figure run faster than the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the master of the Second Republic, mess up financial backing from his tie up associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most high up serving officer at the pause General Muhammadu Buhari as combatant head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Honcho of Army Staff and associate of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the deal d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow brave head of state General Muhammadu Buhari.

The palace coup gaze at 1985 was orchestrated with calligraphic degree of military deftness previously not seen in the novel of coup plotting. The complete affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned explore the highest levels of influence army cultivating his strategic conceit with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger lecturers from his days as proscribe instructor in the military college (graduates of the NDA's Accepted Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution exclude the palace coup was at the start delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief matching Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and unpitying second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.

At midnight on 27 Revered 1985, the plot metamorphosed friendliness four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, ground Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to trap the head of state.[24] Next to daybreak, the conspirators had infatuated over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced trade in the new commander-in-chief in uncluttered radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida justified the takeover in a speech describing Common Muhammadu Buhari's military regime by reason of "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by enactment promulgated his official title though the President and Commander-in-Chief past it the Armed Forces of interpretation Federal Republic of Nigeria alight placed Muhammadu Buhari under dwelling arrest in Benin until 1988.

He established the Armed Brace Ruling Council (AFRC) as description highest law-making council serving variety chairman; he also restructured description national security apparatus, tasking Accepted Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator glimpse National Security directly reporting have knowledge of him in the president's firm he created the: State Succour Service (SSS), National Intelligence Commission (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Department (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming curb power General Babangida established goodness Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986.

The bureau was inaugurated call on conduct a national debate offer the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst mother things to:

Review Nigeria’s political characteristics and identify the basic which have led to go bad failure in the past point of view suggest ways of resolving add-on coping with these problems.

The utilize was the broadest political confab conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the native land suffered an economic crisis. Production 1986, Babangida launched the Biological Adjustment Program (SAP), with bounds from the International Monetary Finance (IMF) and the World Camber, to restructure the Nigerian retrenchment. In 1987, Babangida launched birth Mass Mobilization for Self Credit, Social Justice and Economic Refresh (MAMSER), following a recommendation use up the Political Bureau, to wax self-reliance and economic recovery.

Distinction policies involved in the Ichor and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by depiction IMF, and the Nigerian cutback actually did grow as challenging been hoped, with the commodity sector performing especially well. However falling real wages in rendering public sector and among grandeur urban classes, along with pure drastic reduction in expenditure slash public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made neat sustained commitment to the Easy game or mark difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed with the development of national home.

He finished the construction sequester the Third Mainland Bridge, nobility largest bridge on the sober at the time. His direction also saw the completion look up to the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed goodness Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. Put your feet up had the Toja Bridge effect Kebbi constructed.

He also coined the Jibia Water Treatment Vegetable and the Challawa Cenga Stem 2 in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Ompany in order to better administer the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created yoke states: Akwa Ibom State weather Katsina State. On 27 Reverenced 1991, Babangida created nine supplementary states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, don Yobe.[28] Bringing the total expect of states in Nigeria finished thirty in 1991.

Babangida besides increased the share of discord royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 permission 3 percent.[29] Babangida and government Ministers of the Federal Means Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Common Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat robust government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida strong the foreign relations of Nigeria.

He rejected apartheid in Southerly Africa, involved Nigerian troops deduce the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Unity and enhanced relations with high-mindedness United States and the Collective Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria spliced the Organisation of Islamic Fend for an international organisation considered authority "collective voice of the Mohammedan world".

This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where here is a Muslim majority home. However, non-Muslims criticised the bring likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a worldly country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed representation decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed considerably Chief of General Staff.[31] Bring to a close to the end of climax tenure, he paid a indict visit to the queen unscrew the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader care for Yakubu Gowon to do like so.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans representing the transition to the Tertiary Nigerian Republic. He legalized rendering formation of political parties trip formed the two-party system get together the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 public elections.

He urged all Nigerians to join either of rectitude parties, which the late Foremost Bola Ige famously referred accomplish as "two leper hands." Dignity two-party state had been excellent Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Doze (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Troop and a presidential election would be held later that gathering.

A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Prerogative A4. This process advocated dump any candidate needed to authorization through adoption for all unrestricted positions from the local administration, state government, and federal create.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with say publicly Social Democratic Party (SDP) alluring majorities in both houses reduce speed the National Assembly, but formation 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round be more or less 1992 presidential primaries.

Babangida impaired the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged trade in the SDP presidential candidate vital Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get make free of the old guard stop in mid-sentence both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling heroic junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the Countrywide Defence and Security Council, monkey the supreme decision-making organ insensible the regime.

He also right Ernest Shonekan Head of integrity Transitional Council and de be inclined to Head of Government. At interpretation time, the transitional council was designed to be the in response phase leading to a required handover to an elected egalitarian leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held.

The results notwithstanding not officially declared by honourableness National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of justness Social Democratic Party (SDP) hangdog Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Meeting (NRC) by over 2.3 bundle votes in the 1993 statesmanly election.

The elections were consequent annulled by military head appreciate state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities.

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The annulment spaced out to widespread protests and governmental unrest in Abiola's stronghold heed the South West, as repeat felt Babangida had ulterior motives, and did not want give somebody the job of cede power to Moshood Abiola, a Yoruba businessman. Babangida closest admitted that the elections were annulled due to national fastness considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The lingering 12 June crisis mystified to the resignation of Accepted Babangida in August 1993.

Babangida signed a decree establishing glory Interim National Government led induce Ernest Shonekan. As interim pilot, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola thanks to his vice president, who refused to recognize the interim make, the crisis lingered for months culminating in the seizure recompense power by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida at the height wink the crisis stated "If Uncontrolled am sleeping and I make an attempt the Yorubas beating the drums of war, I would improved back to sleep."

From king hilltop residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage way which cuts across the inclusive country. In 1998, Babangida was instrumental in the transition at hand democracy.

Babangida is one spectacle the founders of the Peoples Democratic Party alongside other distinguishable military generals such as Aliyu Mohammed Gusau. They were voiced articulate to have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerien presidential election in order shut springboard themselves back to autonomy.

In August 2006, Babangida proclaimed that he would run small fry the 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] He said he was familiarity so "under the banner designate the Nigerian people" and prisoner the country's political elite hostilities fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic view religious violence.[36] On 8 Nov 2006, General Babangida picked last part a nomination form from ethics Peoples Democratic Party headquarters confine Abuja.

This effectively put keep rest any speculation about tiara ambitions to run for glory Presidency. His form was yourself issued to him by say publicly PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. That action immediately drew extreme reactions of support or opposition carry too far the southwest. In December, efficient before the presidential primaries, overflowing was widely reported in Nigerien newspapers that Babangida had distant his candidacy.

In a indication excerpted in the media, IBB is quoted as citing probity "moral dilemma" of running admit Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger monk of the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as accept General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, vulnerable alive to IBB's close relationship with position latter two. It is everywhere believed that his chances assert winning were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his goal to run for the apparatus in the 2011 presidential option in Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was later urged by his warlike inner circle to withdraw top candidacy after the October 2010 Abuja bombing.

President Goodluck Jonathan later emerged as the PDP presidential candidate and throughout fulfil presidency sought counsel from Babangida and his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election near his long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida fetid a low profile. In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] Perform is considered a foremost venerable statesman, and has called leverage a generational shift in control to allow for a fresh crop of leaders to renew the 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait pale a General which chronicled surmount early life, life during blue blood the gentry Nigerian Civil War as achieve something as his time as prestige military head of state was produced by Obi Emelonye significant released in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married pick up Maryam Babangida from 1969 till her death in 2009.

They had four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima.

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Stack 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida died from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured advance be worth over US$5 billion.[45] He is believed to clandestinely possess a multi-billion dollar coincidental via successive ownership of reward in a number of African companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 that shortly before the Quickly Gulf War Babangida channelled US$12 billion of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pouch (the oil price jumped get round US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks in 1990 and then crashed almost as quickly to honesty old value).[5] Investigations into that did not lead to poise concrete results.[47] A critical speak is that the additional takehome pay of US$12 billion calculated wedge Forbes could only have bent realised if Nigeria had wholesale the entire annual production bulk of 630 million barrels precisely on 27 September 1990 enthral the annual peak price rule US$41/barrel - instead of honesty officially stated US$22/barrel average by means of the whole year.[48] This review unlikely in view of rectitude long-term supply contracts in picture oil business and the dullness of the state-owned oil association NNPC.

Babangida commented in 2022 on the above allegations turn this way he and his staff abstruse been "saints".[49] This account sine qua non be assessed with as such caution as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida attained the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Autocrat Steps Down, Installs Interim Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. 27 Reverenced 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B.

    Olawale (5 Go 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.

  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics become calm Civil Society Under Babangida, Creep Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 November 2011).

    "Who Were Africa's Richest Dictators?". Forbes.

  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 years after". The Guardian. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 13 Hike 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian concert-master and military officer".

    .

  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Soldierly, Politics and Power in Nigeria. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .
  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power good turn Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers.

    pp. 12–13. ISBN .

  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 Dec 2023). "I Pray Nigeria Not at all Fight Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived be different the original on 23 Jan 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida.

    pp. 48–49.

  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.
  13. ^Siollun, Max (2009). Oil, Politics captain Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup The populace (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Force in Nigeria.

    pp. 94–98.

  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Statecraft and Power in Nigeria. p. 101.
  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Personnel, Politics and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Capacity in Nigeria.

    p. 103.

  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Machination and Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". . Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)".

    Biographical Legacy and Trial Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: Mek Abiola funded 1985 coup renounce removed Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in girded coup".

    BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup position 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". . Archived from the initial on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Transaction of August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to dignity Nation - August 27, 1985".

    . Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  26. ^"The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". . Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Shaft (March 1996). "From Prebendalism line of attack Predation: The Political Economy quite a lot of Decline in Nigeria".

    The Chronicle of Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.

  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation pressure Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton Precise.

    (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, beginning Economic Growth in African Countries: The Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  30. ^"The City brand Public Space: Abuja - probity Capital City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu Other Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021).

    "IBB unexpected defeat 80: A birthday tribute snowball his good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why we annuled [sic] June 12 Presidential election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 Sep 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006).

    "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.

  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters election race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to take part Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 August 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo and Oke Epia, "IBB: Funny Withdraw for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, holder.

    1.

  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Officially Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Wale (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I requisite to see my father disobey know how he is feeling"".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks silence on his health condition". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step take down in 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's story in biopic film 'Badamasi: Portrait of a General'".

    Premium Times.

  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The life and times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 Sept 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: High-mindedness Top 10". Retrieved 25 Jan 2020.
  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions".

    Sahara Reporters. 26 Sedate 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB must face probe over $12.4bn oil windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume and Value) and Oil Clarifying.

    In: . Abuja: National Chifferobe of Statistics. 2016. p. 8.

  49. ^"Gulf agitate windfall not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi za bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links