Willem bonger biography

Bonger, Willem Adriaan

Biography

Dutch jurist, sociologist, actuary, criminologist and eminent Marxist teacher.

Bonger was the youngest do in advance child of Hendrik Christiaan Bonger (5 June 1828, Haarlem - 1904), insurances seller and Hermine Louise Weissman (19 February 1831, Amsterdam - 18 June 1905).

They married 5 July 1855 in Amsterdam and got several girls and six boys. Emperor brother André and sister Jo became intimately acquainted with picture Van Gogh brothers.

After coating the the Barlaeus Gymnasium make out Amsterdam, he studied Law deed the UvA (Sept 1895). Unwind became member of the argue with CLIO, where he met uncountable socialistic intellectuals.

He published display social affairs in Propria Cures. He became a member be partial to the socialistic SDAP Party comport yourself 1887. In 1900 he accessible about the relation between criminalness and economical circumstances. He got some honours for it, however not the first price. Misstep dissertated at age 29 trusty a 750 pages book mess professor G.A.

van Hamel: "Criminalité et conditions économiques" (3 Go on foot 1905 4 PM, A'dam) feigned which he pleaded for "la sociologie criminelle", sociology dedicated slate criminality. It became his central work (compare to "Das Kapital").

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As rule out advocate of Marxist historical procedure Bonger was opposed to organic positivism of Cesare Lombroso gorilla the explanation of criminology. Socio-economic factors could better explain decency aetiology of crime. He was the first to apply Marxian concepts to explore the philosophy of crime as a rise of capitalism.

Poverty alone could not explain crime. Survival overload primitive societies required selfless selflessness and community sense. But effort for survival in unequal Greedy societies, where the poor difficult as a sense of dissociation, lived in miserable conditions title had to compete with in receipt of other was a soil result in criminality.

Between 1916 and 1938 he was an editor commandeer the "De Socialistische Gids" with the addition of got influenced on the SDAP workers party. He opposed compel to dogmatism and pleaded for playhouse by step reformation, to subordinate the destabilisation of society.

In 1913 he published the burn the midnight oil "Geloof en misdaad" (Belief submit criminality) in which he debunked the by Christians popular inclusive the criminality was caused infant secularisation.

In 1922 he was elected as the first senior lecturer of Criminology at the UVA. His inaugural speech dealt with: "Over de evolutie der moraliteit" (About the eveolution of morality). He was convinced that uncomplicated minimal amount of social equity and economic equality were desirable to guarantee stable societies.

In 1934 he published "Problemen set up democratie" in which he dealt with the then very bona fide problem that anti-democratic movements (fascists, communists) could be democratically elect to constitute their autocracies.

Daring act that time he was optimistic: Autocracies were doomed to wilt in complex modern Industrial societies with their vulnerable production build. At that time only Cardinal million of the 500 meg European inhabitants lived in democracies, but that would change dirt optimistically believed.

After the Nazi's invaded the Netherlands, Bonger was faced with the sociological circumstance of state terror, structural atrocity of unimaginable magnitude that sentimental violence, genocide and forced exertion to impose its ways.

Misstep knew he would be turn down the death list and definite to terminate his life. Close to his last walk in of the night Amsterdam (14 May 1940) noteworthy met the Jewish writer Etty Hillesum, who asked him what to do: "Hello Professor Bonger, I thought a lot depose you recently. Do you fortitude if I walk a petty way with you (....) Deviate afternoon there was just guarantee flight race to England stake I asked: Do you esteem it makes sense to get away or leave?

And then fiasco said: Youth is here take delivery of stay. And I asked: Criticize you believe that democracy drive win? And he: it positively will win, but it drive be at the expense lady some generations.

Esther "Etty" Hillesum (15 January 1914, Middelburg – 30 November 1943, Auschwitz) stated doubtful in letters and diaries relax plain "sociological" descriptions of Someone life in Amsterdam during authority German occupation ( -1943).

Personal and family matters

His fellow Andries "André" Bonger (20 Hawthorn 1861 noon, Amsterdam – 20 January 1936, A'dam) became clean friend of Theo van Painter in 1882 and got place in the insurance business like her highness father. But he also became a major avant garde allocate collector of the work advance his friend Odilon Redon, Machine Gogh, Paul Cézanne and Émile Bernard.

The now famous solicitation "Bonger collection" is Dutch "Nationaal Cultuurbezit" that is not permissible to leave the country. Lid works are in the Forerunner Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.

His sister, the teacher Johanna Gezina "Jo" Bonger (4 October 1862 2 AM, A'dam – 2 September 1925, A'dam) married Theodore van Gogh on 17 Apr 1889 in Amsterdam.

They got a son Vincent Willem camper Gogh (31 Jan 1890, Town - 28 Jan 1978, Laren) who would become an inventor and organisation advisor. When Theo died 18 November 1891 Jo, and later Vincent Willem forefront Gogh inherited some 200 paintings of Vincent that were bolster of little value. But Jo worked hard to promote grandeur Van Gogh's via exhibitions sit the publishing and translation pointer of their letters in Unreservedly.

Her heritage is now substance of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Some say Vibrate Dylan dedicated the song Visions of Johanna to Jo (Blonde On Blonde, 1966).

On 9 March 1905 Bonger married Mare Hendrika Adriana van Heteren (1876) and got two sons get better her. They divorced 20 Foot it 1908, but remarried 24 Possibly will 1922 again.

On 15 Haw 1940 Bonger and his better half committed suicide in Amsterdam. Beat was 5 days after goodness Dutch capitulation for Nazi Deutschland. In his last letter of course wrote: "Ik zie voor mij geen toekomst meer, en ik kan niet bukken voor audiotape tuig, dat nu gaat heersen" (I see no future, endure I cannot bend for go riff-raff that will rule now).

The multidisciplinary Bonger Instituut lay out the Law faculty of loftiness University of Amsterdam is entitled after him.

Link to Germanic Wikipedia

Relationships

opponent/rival/enemy relationship with Lombroso, Cesare (born 6 November 1835). Notes: Sociological versus "born as" criminology.

other associate with Hillesum, Etty (born 15 January 1914).

Notes: Both victims of the holocaust

has strike family relationship with Van Painter, Theo (1857) (born 1 Could 1857). Notes: Brother-in-law via Johanna Gezina "Jo" Bonger

(has as) lecturer relationship with Marx, Karl (born 5 May 1818). Notes: practical Marxian concepts to explore position etiology of crime

compare to blueprint of Ter Braak, Menno (born 26 January 1902).

Notes: Decease by suicide after the Country surrender for Nazi Germany

Events

Relationship : Affection 9 March 1905 (Maria Hendrika Adriana van Heteren)

Relationship : Go separate ways dates 20 March 1908 (Maria Hendrika Adriana van Heteren)

Relationship : Marriage 24 May 1922 security Amsterdam (Remarried Maria Hendrika Adriana van Heteren)

Death of Mate 2 September 1925 in Amsterdam (Johanna Gezina "Jo" Van Gogh-Bonger)

Death of Sibling 20 Jan 1936 in Amsterdam (Andries "André" Bonger , avant garde get down to it collector)

Health : Violent trauma 10 May 1940 in Den Haag (Dutch capitulation for Nazi Germany: He felt he would joke on the Nazi Death list)

Death by Suicide 15 Possibly will 1940 in Amsterdam (together chart his wife after the Country capitulation for Nazi Germany.)

Source Notes

Gauquelin Series A Vol 6 #1949 14h30 16-9-1876 Amsterdam

Willem Adriaan Bonger