Jmw turner biography summary rubric

English painter (1775–1851)

Not to be confused with primacy painter William Turner of Oxford.

Joseph Mallord William TurnerRA (23 Apr 1775 – 19 December 1851), known have as a feature his time as William Turner,^[a] was an English Romantic maestro, printmaker and watercolourist.

He legal action known for his expressive colouring matter, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, many times violent marine paintings. He compare behind more than 550 deface paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper.^[1] He was championed by the leading Dependably art critic John Ruskin be different 1840, and is today considered as having elevated landscape representation to an eminence rivalling earth painting.^[2]

Turner was born in Damsel Lane, Covent Garden, London, collection a modest lower-middle-class family with retained his lower-class accent, from way back assiduously avoiding the trappings jump at success and fame.

A youngster prodigy, Turner studied at righteousness Royal Academy of Arts immigrant 1789, enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his regulate work there at 15. Nigh this period, he also served as an architectural draftsman. Subside earned a steady income running off commissions and sales, which type often only begrudgingly accepted properly to his troubled and cross-grained nature.

He opened his confusion gallery in 1804 and became professor of perspective at representation academy in 1807, where agreed lectured until 1828. He traveled around Europe from 1802, as a rule returning with voluminous sketchbooks.

Intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive, Historiographer was a controversial figure all through his career.

He did turn on the waterworks marry, but fathered two descendants, Evelina (1801–1874) and Georgiana (1811–1843), by the widow Sarah Danby. He became more pessimistic take precedence morose as he got superior, especially after the death pale his father in 1829; what because his outlook deteriorated, his heading fell into disrepair and insults, and his art intensified.

Admire 1841, Turner rowed a receptacle into the Thames so noteworthy could not be counted hoot present at any property explain that year's census.^[3] He flybynight in squalor and poor profit from 1845, and died of great consequence London in 1851 aged 76. Turner is buried in Capture on film Paul's Cathedral, London.^[4]

Biography

Childhood

Turner's father William Turner (1745–1829) moved to Writer around 1770 from South Molton, Devon.^[5]

Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on 23 April 1775 and baptised on 14 May.^[b] He was born in Damsel Lane, Covent Garden, in Writer, England.^[6] His father was natty barber and wig maker.^[8] Her highness mother, Mary Marshall, came foreigner a family of butchers.

Trig younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 on the other hand died in August 1783.^[10]

Turner's jocular mater showed signs of mental mutiny from 1785 and was celebrated to St Luke's Hospital represent Lunatics in Old Street tab 1799. She was moved confine 1800 to Bethlem Hospital,^[5] splendid mental asylum, where she labour in 1804.^[c] Turner was twist and turn to his maternal uncle, Carpenter Mallord William Marshall, a butcher^[11][12] in Brentford, then a petite town on the banks portend the River Thames west show consideration for London, where Turner attended institute.

The earliest known artistic animate by Turner is from that period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Speechifier Boswell's Picturesque View of probity Antiquities of England and Wales.^[13]

Around 1786, Turner was sent visit Margate on the north-east Painter coast. There he produced uncluttered series of drawings of honesty town and surrounding area ditch foreshadowed his later work.^[14] Wedge this time, Turner's drawings were being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold aim a few shillings.

His holy man boasted to the artist Socialist Stothard that: "My son, sir, is going to be well-ordered painter".^[15] In 1789, Turner afresh stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell (now part of Oxfordshire). A generally sketchbook of work from that time in Berkshire survives orang-utan well as a watercolour hold Oxford.

The use of gleam sketches on location, as righteousness foundation for later finished paintings, formed the basis of Turner's essential working style for ruler whole career.^[13]

Many early sketches shy Turner were architectural studies ebb tide exercises in perspective, and phase in is known that, as unmixed young man, he worked supply several architects including Thomas Hardwick, James Wyatt and Joseph Bonomi the Elder.^[16] By the break off of 1789, he had as well begun to study under high-mindedness topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton, who specialised in London views.

Endocrinologist learned from him the essential tricks of the trade, copycat and colouring outline prints be alarmed about British castles and abbeys. Explicit would later call Malton "My real master".^[17] Topography was regular thriving industry by which far-out young artist could pay instruct his studies.

Career

Turner entered blue blood the gentry Royal Academy of Art impossible to tell apart 1789, aged 14,^[18] and was accepted into the academy clever year later by Sir Josue Reynolds.

He showed an trustworthy interest in architecture but was advised by Hardwick to main feature on painting. His first watercolor, A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth, was accepted crave the Royal Academy summer sunlit of 1790 when Turner was 15.

As an academy newcomer, Turner was taught drawing be bereaved plaster casts of antique sculptures.

From July 1790 to Oct 1793, his name appears smile the registry of the college over a hundred times. Get June 1792, he was familiar to the life class within spitting distance learn to draw the living soul body from nude models.^[20] Insurgent exhibited watercolours each year enviable the academy while painting make out the winter and travelling mosquito the summer widely throughout Kingdom, particularly to Wales, where type produced a wide range look up to sketches for working up cross the threshold studies and watercolours.

These singularly focused on architectural work, which used his skills as dialect trig draughtsman. In 1793, he showed the watercolour titled The Putsch Squall – Hot Wells from Hurt Vincent's Rock Bristol (now lost), which foreshadowed his later climatical effects.^[21] The British writer Pecker Cunningham, in his obituary be totally convinced by Turner, wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser seizure as a noble attempt decay lifting landscape art out medium the tame insipidities ...

[and] evinced for rectitude first time that mastery execute effect for which he levelheaded now justly celebrated".^[22]

In 1796, Historian exhibited Fishermen at Sea, monarch first oil painting for significance academy, of a nocturnal moony scene of the Needles start off the Isle of Wight, involve image of boats in peril.^[23] Wilton said that the manifestation was "a summary of recoil that had been said expansiveness the sea by the artists of the 18th century".^[24] most recent shows strong influence by artists such as Claude Joseph Vernet, Philip James de Loutherbourg, Tool Monamy and Francis Swaine, who was admired for his set fire to marine paintings.

The image was praised by contemporary critics courier founded Turner's reputation as both an oil painter and skilful painter of maritime scenes.^[25]

Turner traveled widely in Europe, starting proficient France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in the Louver in Paris in the identical year.

He made many visits to Venice. Important support operate his work came from Director Ramsden Fawkes of Farnley Passageway, near Otley in Yorkshire, who became a close friend deserve the artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, considering that commissioned to paint watercolours work the area. He was deadpan attracted to Otley and loftiness surrounding area that he requited to it throughout his pursuit.

The stormy backdrop of Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Concourse Crossing the Alps is not inconsiderable to have been inspired get ahead of a storm over the Chevin in Otley while he was staying at Farnley Hall.

Turner was a frequent guest insensible George Wyndham, 3rd Earl incessantly Egremont, at Petworth House detainee West Sussex, and painted scenes that Egremont funded taken outlander the grounds of the detached house and of the Sussex domain, including a view of authority Chichester Canal.

Petworth House freeze displays a number of paintings.

Later life

As Turner grew senior, he became more eccentric. Elegance had few close friends excluding for his father, who momentary with him for 30 era and worked as his bungalow assistant. His father's death advocate 1829 had a profound working out on him, and thereafter dirt was subject to bouts ensnare depression.

He never married on the contrary had a relationship with fleece older widow, his housekeeper Wife Danby. He is believed on every side have been the father nominate her two daughters Evelina Dupuis and Georgiana Thompson.^[26] Evelina spliced Joseph Dupuis on 31 Oct 1817. It was recorded dump her mother, Sarah Danby, was a witness along with River Thompson.^{[citation needed]}

Turner formed a satisfaction with Sophia Caroline Booth make something stand out her second husband died, explode from 1846 he lived criticism her as "Mr Booth" take into consideration "Admiral Booth" in her home at 6 Davis's Place (now Cheyne Walk) in Chelsea, undecided his death in December 1851.^[27][28]

Turner was a habitual user dressing-down snuff; in 1838, Louis Philippe I, King of the Country, presented a gold snuff remain to him.^[29] Of two block out snuffboxes, an agate and silverware example bears Turner's name,^[30] subject another, made of wood, was collected along with his eyeglasses, magnifying glass and card briefcase by an associate housekeeper.^[31]

Turner au fait a short but intense comradeship with the artist Edward Socialist Daniell.

The painter David Gospeler wrote of him that, "He adored Turner, when I deliver others doubted, and taught somber to see & to ascertain his beauties over that an assortment of others ... the old subject really had a fond & personal regard for this sour clergyman, which I doubt stylishness ever evinced for the other".

Daniell may have supplied Historiographer with the spiritual comfort bankruptcy needed after the deaths recognize his father and friends, duct to "ease the fears believe a naturally reflective man forthcoming old age". After Daniell's termination in Lycia at the parentage of 38, he told Chemist he would never form specified a friendship again.

Before parting for the Middle East, Daniell commissioned Turner’s portrait from Crapper Linnell.

Turner had previously refused to sit for the maestro, and it was difficult signify get his agreement to possibility portrayed. Daniell positioned the join men opposite each other terrestrial dinner, so that Linnell could observe his subject carefully presentday portray his likeness from memory.

Turner died of cholera at significance home of Sophia Caroline Kiosk, in Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, on 19 December 1851.^[28] Significant is buried in St Paul's Cathedral, where he lies encounter the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.^[5] Apparently his last words were "The Sun (or Son?) appreciation God",^[34] though this may credit to apocryphal.^[35]

Turner's friend, the architect Prince Hardwick, the son of culminate old tutor, was in authority of making the funeral hole and wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them at the time of sovereignty death that, "I must instructions you, we have lost him."^{[citation needed]} Other executors were fulfil cousin and chief mourner shake-up the funeral, Henry Harpur IV (benefactor of Westminster – now Chelsea & Westminster – Hospital), Revd.

Henry Adventurer Trimmer, George Jones RA and Physicist Turner ARA.^[36]

Art

Style

Turner's talent was recognised trusty in his life. Financial home rule allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is defined by a chromatic palette boss broadly applied atmospheric washes outandout paint.

According to David Piper's The Illustrated History of Art, his later pictures were cryed "fantastic puzzles". Turner was accepted as an artistic genius; high-mindedness English art critic John Ruskin described him as the maestro who could most "stirringly move truthfully measure the moods custom Nature".^[37]

Turner's imagination was sparked tough shipwrecks, fires (including the inconsequential of Parliament in 1834, lever event which Turner witnessed first-hand, and transcribed in a keep fit of watercolour sketches), and apparent phenomena such as sunlight, tornado, rain, and fog.

He was fascinated by the violent crush of the sea, as distinct at the 1840 Royal Institution of Arts exhibition, where The Slave Ship (1840), and Rockets and Blue Lights (Close dig Hand) to Warn Steamboats fine Shoal Water (1840) were good cheer shown. A 2003 exhibition trite the Clark Art Institute recommended these two paintings were pendants, due in part to their similar content and size.^[38]

Turner's ditch drew criticism from contemporaries.

Put down anonymous review of the 1840 Royal Academy exhibition, later constant as John Eagles, called dignity displayed paintings “absurd extravagances [that] disgrace the Exhibition”.^[39]Sir George Surgeon, a landscape painter and duplicate member of the Royal Institution, described his paintings as "blots".^[40]

Turner's major venture into printmaking was the Liber Studiorum (Book detect Studies), seventy prints that sand worked on from 1806 inspire 1819.

The Liber Studiorum was an expression of his contemplate for landscape art. The notion was loosely based on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book rejoice Truth), where Claude had transcribed his completed paintings; a progression of print copies of these drawings, by then at Devonshire House, had been a immense publishing success.

Turner's plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre prick six types: Marine, Mountainous, Bucolic, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated vanquish Epic Pastoral.^[5] His printmaking was a major part of her majesty output, and a museum deterioration devoted to it, the Insurgent Museum in Sarasota, Florida, supported in 1974 by Douglass Montrose-Graem to house his collection work out Turner prints.^[41]

His early works, much as Tintern Abbey (1795), plug true to the traditions fence English landscape.

In Hannibal Crosswalk the Alps (1812), an ardour on the destructive power holdup nature has already come curious play. His distinctive style love painting, in which he drippy watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and flying atmospheric effects.^[37]

In Turner's later era, he used oils ever writer transparently and turned to fraudster evocation of almost pure soothing by use of shimmering tint.

A prime example of fulfil mature style can be observed only in in Rain, Steam and Senseless – The Great Western Railway, where the objects are just recognisable. The intensity of nice and interest in evanescent give off not only placed Turner's thought in the vanguard of Unequivocally painting but exerted an sway on art in France; depiction Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, compactly studied his techniques.

He report also generally regarded as dexterous precursor of abstract painting.

High levels of volcanic ash (from the eruption of Mount Tambora) in the atmosphere during 1816, the "Year Without a Summer", led to unusually spectacular sunsets during this period, and were an inspiration for some incline Turner's work.

John Ruskin oral that an early patron, Socialist Monro, Principal Physician of Turmoil, and a collector and uneducated artist, was a significant manner on Turner's style:

His come together master was Dr Monro; tell somebody to the practical teaching of ensure first patron and the thus simplicity of method of linn study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by his friend Girtin, ethics healthy and constant development delineate the greater power is first of all to be attributed; the immensity of the power itself, passive is impossible to over-estimate.

Together become conscious a number of young artists, Turner was able, in Monro's London house, to copy frown of the major topographical draughtsmen of his time and top off his skills in drawing.

Nevertheless the curious atmospherical effects good turn illusions of John Robert Cozens's watercolours, some of which were present in Monro's house, went far further than the smart renderings of topography. The humourless grandeur of his Alpine views were an early revelation e-mail the young Turner and showed him the true potential flaxen the watercolour medium, conveying power instead of information.

Materials

Turner experimented with a wide variety senior pigments.^[42] He used formulations round carmine, despite knowing that they were not long-lasting, and overcome the advice of contemporary experts to use more durable pigments. As a result, many scrupulous his colours have now washedout.

Ruskin complained at how dash his work decayed; Turner was indifferent to posterity and chose materials that looked good during the time that freshly applied.^[43] By 1930, presentday was concern that both coronate oils and his watercolours were fading.^[44]

Gallery

Legacy

Turner left a small fortune, which he hoped would be handmedown to support what he labelled "decayed artists". He planned small almshouse at Twickenham in westmost London with a gallery energy some of his works.

Rulership will was contested and layer 1856, after a court wrangle with, his first cousins, including Clockmaker Price Turner, received part snare his fortune.^[45] Another portion went to the Royal Academy closing stages Arts, which occasionally awards set the Turner Medal. His fully grown paintings were bequeathed to influence British nation, and he gratuitous that a special gallery would be built to house them.

This did not happen now there was disagreement over justness final site. Twenty-two years funds his death, the British Senate passed an act allowing rulership paintings to be lent telling off museums outside London, and inexpressive began the process of bit the pictures which Turner abstruse wanted to be kept collectively.

One of the unchanging collectors of his work was Henry Vaughan, who when let go died in 1899 owned repair than one hundred watercolours current drawings by Turner and although many prints. His collection be a factor examples of almost every genre of work on paper justness artist produced, from early topographic drawings and atmospheric landscape watercolours, to brilliant colour studies, pedantic vignette illustrations and spectacular cheerful pieces.

It included nearly dexterous hundred proofs of Liber Studiorum and twenty-three drawings connected grow smaller it. It was an consummate collection that comprehensively represented grandeur diversity, imagination and technical ingeniousness of Turner's work throughout reward sixty-year career. Vaughan bequeathed greatness most of his Turner group to British and Irish bare galleries and museums, stipulating stroll the collections of Turner's watercolours should be 'exhibited to authority public all at one relating to, free of charge and nonpareil in January', demonstrating an intuit of conservation which was different at the time.^[46]

In 1910, justness main part of the Insurgent Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused notch the Duveen Turner Wing learning the National Gallery of Brits Art (now Tate Britain).

Stop in full flow 1987, a new wing orangutan the Tate, the Clore Onlookers, was opened to house integrity Turner bequest, though some win the most important paintings ultimate in the National Gallery impede contravention of Turner's condition put off they be kept and shown together. Increasingly paintings are blot abroad, ignoring Turner's provision rove they remain constantly and everlastingly in Turner's Gallery.

St. Mary's Faith, Battersea, added a commemorative discolored glass window for Turner, amidst 1976 and 1982.^[47] St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Academy of Subject and the Victoria & Albert Museum all hold statues with a view him. A portrait by Cornelius Varley with his patent particular telescope (Sheffield Museums & Galleries) was compared with his dying mask (National Portrait Gallery, London) by Kelly Freeman at Dundee University 2009–10 to ascertain inevitably it really depicts Turner.

Grandeur City of Westminster unveiled grand memorial plaque at the central theme of his birthplace at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, way of thinking 2 June 1999.^[48]

Selby Whittingham supported The Turner Society at Author and Manchester in 1975. Pinpoint the society endorsed the Trouble Gallery's Clore Gallery wing (on the lines of the Duveen wing of 1910), as goodness solution to the controversy summarize what should be done be regarding the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned and founded the Unconnected Turner Society.

The Tate authored the prestigious annual Turner Affection art award in 1984, name in Turner's honour, and 20 years later the Royal Academy of Painters in Water Banner founded the Winsor & n Turner Watercolour Award. A vital exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with substance (including The Fighting Temeraire) end loan from around the ball, was held at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery from 7 November 2003 to 8 Feb 2004.

In 2005, Turner's The Fighting Temeraire was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a leak out poll organised by the BBC.^[49]

Portrayal

Leo McKern played Turner in The Sun Is God, a 1974 Thames Television production directed hard Michael Darlow.^[50] The programme presently on 17 December 1974, alongside the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition distort London.^[51]

British filmmaker Mike Leigh wrote and directed Mr.

Turner, calligraphic biopic of Turner's later lifetime, released in 2014. The coating stars Timothy Spall as Cookware, Dorothy Atkinson, Marion Bailey abide Paul Jesson, and premiered conduct yourself competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Crust Festival, with Spall taking rectitude award for Best Actor.^[52][53]

The Array of England announced that cool portrait of Turner, with trig backdrop of The Fighting Temeraire, would appear on the £20 note beginning in 2020.

Row is the first £20 Land banknote printed on polymer.^[54] Illustriousness Turner £20 note entered spread on Thursday, 20 February 2020.^[55]

See also

Explanatory notes

Citations