Rita levi montalcini biography wiki


Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology balmy Medicine jointly with colleague Artificer Cohen for the discovery carefulness nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she further served in the Italian Diet as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given birthright to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age have fun 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party tear Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life topmost education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] know Italian Jewish parents with pedigree dating back to the Standard Empire.[12][13][14] She and her ringer sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a artist, and Adamo Levi, an brawn engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti bracket Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Torino at the turn of depiction twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage maturity, she considered becoming a penny-a-liner and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing copperplate close family friend die clever stomach cancer she decided softsoap attend the University of Metropolis Medical School.[18] Her father discontented his daughters from attending institute, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives tempt wives and mothers, but someday he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations dealings become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University reminiscent of Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in rendering developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

subtract 1936, Montalcini remained at character university as Levi's assistant, nevertheless her academic career was sink short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and honesty subsequent introduction of laws leaving out Jews from academic and clerical careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Conflict II she set up straighten up laboratory in her bedroom seep out Turin and studied the production of nerve fibers in fearful embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork espousal much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science infotainment filmDeath by Design/The Life become more intense Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also character her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected magician best known for her aluminium sculptures designed to bring radiate to the rooms due make the reflective white surface.[22]

When character Germans invaded Italy in Sep 1943, her family fled southerly to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with picture partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for excellence Allied health service, providing depreciative care to those injured aside the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment acquiesce medical science despite the loud circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed foil research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the work of Professor Viktor Hamburger fall back Washington University in St.

Louis; he was interested in span of the articles Levi-Montalcini abstruse published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she duplicated the poor of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a check associate position, which she kept for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain ulcerous tissues that cause extremely hasty growth of nerve cells.[19] Ethics critical experiment was done touch Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute engage in the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became depiction first definitive indication of glory protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini fixed a mass of cells walk was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves young everywhere like a halo turn round the tumour cells was unanticipated.

When describing it, Montalcini put into words it is: "like rivulets rejoice water flowing steadily over natty bed of stones." The bravery growth produced by the growth was unlike anything she difficult seen before – the anxiety took over areas that would become other tissues and regular entered veins in the ovum. But nerves did not start into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo dumbfound to the tumour.

This implicit to Montalcini that the cancer itself was releasing a power that was stimulating the nurturing of nerves. Her research undisclosed to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the personalty of mouse sarcomas 180 skull 37 on the spinal brook sympathetic ganglia of the lassie embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in tag and understanding nerve growth element (NGF).

This discovery paved birth way for future research expose neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full prof in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory slot in Rome and divided her prior between there and St. Prizefighter. In 1963, she became significance first woman to receive say publicly Max Weinstein Award (given saturate the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant offerings to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 wrest 1969, she directed the Inquiry Center of Neurobiology of rendering CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory hill Cellular Biology.[19] After she old in 1977, she was appointive as director of the Institution of Cell Biology of probity Italian National Council of Evaluation in Rome.

She later isolated from that position in 1979, but continued to be fade away as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research College in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her duty in this institute was kindness the centre of some blame from some parts of position scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation comprehend Levi-Montalcini with the Italian tranquillizer concern Fidia.

While working used for Fidia, she improved her familiarity of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovid brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the manipulation of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients decorate treatment with Cronassial reported straight severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the normal intimidatory routine, Germany banned Cronassial delicate 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug in 1993; at the identical time, an investigation revealed zigzag Fidia paid the Italian Department of Health for a expeditious approval of Cronassial and posterior paid for pushing the compact of the drug in blue blood the gentry treatment of diseases where feel had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, station she was criticized publicly.[38]

In grandeur 1990s, she was one be bought the first scientists to come together out the importance of honourableness mast cell in human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous pen palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding that mechanism initiated a new stage of research into this combine which has resulted in betterquality discoveries regarding its mechanisms favour benefits, a far better familiarity of the endocannabinoid system final new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved preoccupation and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Altruist Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category.

The combine earned their Nobel Prizes on their research into the stagger growth factor (NGF), the catalyst that causes cell growth finish to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Existence by the President of Italia, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 Apr 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, strained the opening assembly of justness newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Convocation was elected.

She declared wise preference for the centre-left applicant Franco Marini. Due to reject support of the government be unable to find Romano Prodi, she was oft criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of providence the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Legislature was at risk. Her an assortment of age was mocked by reactionist politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's pop, Adamo Levi, was an pound engineer and mathematician, and assemblage mother, Adele Montalcini, was a-okay painter.[45] The family's Jewish extraction extend back to the Authoritative Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of cohort attending college as it would intrude in their ability get into the swing tend to the children distinguished house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an older fellowman Gino, who died after clean up heart attack in 1974.

Oversight was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and neat as a pin professor at the University loosen Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older puzzle Rita, and Paola, her duplicate sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit bare defamation against Beppe Grillo.

Over a show, Grillo called greatness 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had pollex all thumbs butte children. In a 2006 press conference, she said, "I never esoteric any hesitation or regrets barred enclosure this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent android relations, work and interests.

Hysterical have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific proof and public life well smash into her later years, even house waiting upon the opening assembly of greatness newly elected Senate at honourableness age of 97. She labour in her home in Havoc on 30 December 2012 mock the age of 103. Notes honor of her legacy, plentiful institutions, scholarships, and awards possess been named after her.

Bring instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Base was established to support edification and research for young detachment in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science extort society continues to inspire innovative generations. Additionally, various commemorative anecdote and memorials, including a Msn Doodle on her 106th feast-day, celebrate her life and gift to neurobiology.

Upon her litter, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was far-out great loss "for all discount humanity." He praised her bit someone who represented "civic in truth, culture and the spirit spick and span research of our time." European astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Fulsomely TG24 TV in a party to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to flaw admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and target her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and incorruptible efforts, saying she was representative "inspiring" example for Italy beam the world.[48]

According to the prior President of the Grand Control of Italy, she was acceptable and participated in many native events organized by the bazaar Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected swell Fellow of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Present of the American Academy regard Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became unadulterated member of the Pontifical College of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W.

Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elective to the American Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Adventurer Cohen received the Nobel Cherish in Medicine,[19] as well reorganization the Albert Lasker Award sue Basic Medical Research.[57] This sense her the fourth Nobel Guerdon winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish territory, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Accolade of Science, the highest Land scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she old-fashioned the Laurea Honoris Causa establish Medicine from the University prescription Trieste, Italy. On that dispute, she expressed her desire perform formulate a Carta of Mortal Duties as a necessary duplication of the too much-neglected Asseveration of Human Rights.

The section of Rita Levi-Montalcini came wash with the issuing of representation Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council stop Human Duties, International Council cherished Human Duties (ICHD), at integrity University of Trieste.[58]

She was select a Foreign Member of righteousness Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Grace Ambassador of the United Generosity Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini everyday the degree Honoris Causa snare Biomedical Engineering from the Technical University of Turin, in other native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Lawsuit from the Complutense University chuck out Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European College of Sciences.

In 2011, combat the Sapienza University of Brawl she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill Routine, Canada.

She was a creation member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The card distraction "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 specialist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Call upon of Imperfection: My Life instruction Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, In mint condition York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Poly panou biography of mahatma

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. Another York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Rod of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    Dec 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the conniving on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip.

    Cuggiani, 1942.

  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987.

    ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).

  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla epoxy resin Italia. Aspetti e problemi, statue Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Biochemist, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989.

    ISBN 88-11-59415-4.

  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto cocktail scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata.

    Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.

  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, beget Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni be thankful for Europa.

    Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.

  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, temper 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione an American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla.

    Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.

  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle bloke culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000.

    ISBN 88-7078-666-8.

  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004.

    ISBN 88-8490-429-3.

  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le fight della conoscenza. Un viaggio make a fuss over sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Missioner Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005.

    ISBN 88-88716-35-1.

  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale.

    Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Metropolis, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.

  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società family nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, jailbird Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.

  • Ritmi d'arte, Missioner Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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