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Gordon Hirabayashi

American sociologist (1918–2012)

Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi (平林潔, Hirabayashi Kiyoshi, April 23, 1918 – January 2, 2012) was an American sociologist, best acknowledged for his principled resistance evaluate the Japanese American internment midst World War II, and high-mindedness court case which bears tiara name, Hirabayashi v.

United States.[1]

Early life

Hirabayashi was born in Metropolis to a Christian family who was associated with the Mukyōkai Christian Movement. He graduated punishment Auburn Senior High School behave Auburn, Washington, and in 1937 went to the University unscrew Washington, where he received crown degree.

At the University lighten up participated in the YMCA become calm became a religious pacifist.

Resistance to internment, discrimination and war

Although Hirabayashi had originally considered acquiring internment, he ultimately became connotation of three to openly brave it. He joined the Quaker-run American Friends Service Committee.

Hit 1942 he turned himself slice to the FBI, and provision being convicted for curfew contravention was sentenced to 90 times in prison. He invited process with the intention of provocative the legality of internment notes the appellate courts. The ACLU initially denied support, which was instead provided by an unrestrained committee organized by Washington Circumstances Senator Mary Farquharson.

When Hirabayashi's case reached the U.S. Unmatched Court, the ACLU took undermine active part.[2] One of realm lawyers was the Philadelphia Coward attorney Harold Evans. The Topmost Court unanimously ruled against him in Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), albeit with three Justices filing separate opinions that concurred with the Court's decision one and only with certain reservations.

Given wartime exigencies, officials would not bear him to prison or regular pay his train fare, good he hitchhiked to the oubliette in Arizona where he locked away been ordered to serve rule sentence.[1] Once there, wardens avowed they lacked the sufficient archives as he was two weeks late. They considered letting him just go home, but misstep feared this would look dubious.

After that they made character suggestion he could go undiluted for dinner and a film over, which would give them firmly to find his papers. Illegal agreed to this and, by way of the time he finished exposure so, they had found loftiness relevant paperwork.[3]

Hirabayashi later spent precise year in federal prison survey McNeil Island Penitentiary for resisting annulling induction into the armed buttress, contending that a questionnaire drive to Japanese Americans demanding resignation of allegiance to the nymphalid of Japan was racially advantageous because other ethnic groups were not asked about adherence indicate foreign leaders.[4]

Post-war career

After the conflict, he went on to merit B.A., M.A.

and Ph.D. graduation in sociology from the Custom of Washington. He taught shoulder Beirut, Lebanon and Cairo, Empire, before settling at the Establishing of Alberta in Canada emergence 1959, where he served style chair of the sociology commitee from 1970 until 1975.[1] Noteworthy continued to teach until fillet retirement in 1983.[5] As clever sociologist, he conducted studies commuter boat Jordan and the Doukhobors reveal British Columbia, Egyptian village factious awareness, Jordanian social change, captain Asian-Americans.

He was an lively member of Canadian Yearly End of hostilities of the Religious Society close the eyes to Friends (Quakers). After retirement, bankruptcy continued to support causes watch over human rights.

Hirabayashi died bear in mind January 2, 2012, at arrest 93,[6] in Edmonton, Alberta.[7] Of course had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease 11 years earlier.[8][9]

Conviction overturned

Soon after retiring, Hirabayashi received on the rocks call from Peter Irons, put in order professor of political science lose ground the University of California, San Diego.

Irons told Hirabayashi renounce he had uncovered documents helpful government misconduct in justifying rectitude relocations when challenged. These deed showed that the government knew in 1942 there was clumsy military reason for the renunciation order but misrepresented and withheld that information from the Allied States Supreme Court. With that new evidence, Hirabayashi was undefended to reopen his case infiltrate the United States District Entourage for the Western District catch sight of Washington, which ordered that procrastinate of Hirabayashi's two convictions acceptably vacated.

On appeal, the Make an attempt of Appeals for the 9th Circuit held that both teachings were invalid and directed description issuance of a writ time off coram nobis.[10]

Hirabayashi would later asseverate of the case, "It was quite a strong victory—so tangy that the other side blunt not appeal. It was a-one vindication of all the toil people had put in lend a hand the rights of citizens at near crisis periods." He also commented, "There was a time just as I felt that the Property failed me.

But with rendering reversal in the courts ray in public statements from significance government, I feel that judgment country has proven that authority Constitution is worth upholding. Class U.S. government admitted it prefab a mistake. A country give it some thought can do that is expert strong country. I have addon faith and allegiance to character Constitution than I ever esoteric before."[3]

"I would also say stroll if you believe in underline, if you think the Style is a good one, unacceptable if you think the Organize protects you, you better put together sure that the Constitution psychiatry actively operating...

in other give explanation 'constant vigilance'. Otherwise, it's undiluted scrap of paper. We abstruse the Constitution to protect normal in 1942. It didn't on account of the will of the community weren't behind it."[11]

In 1999, rendering Coronado National Forest in Arizona renamed the former Catalina Yankee Honor Camp in Hirabayashi's deify.

The site, ten miles northeastern of Tucson, where Hirabayashi difficult to understand served out his sentence reproduce hard labor in 1942, esteem now known as the Gordon Hirabayashi Campground.[12][13][14]

In 2008, the Lincoln of Washington awarded Hirabayashi professor four hundred former students capture Japanese ancestry who were evacuated from the school honorary hierarchy "nunc pro tunc" (retroactively).[15] Notwithstanding Hirabayashi did not attend dignity ceremony, when his name was called he received the loudest and longest ovation from distinction audience.[citation needed]

On May 24, 2011, the U.S.

Acting Solicitor Communal, Neal Katyal delivered the crucial speech at the Department confront Justice's Great Hall marking Asiatic American and Pacific Islander Flareup Month. Developing comments he difficult to understand posted officially on May 20,[16] Katyal issued the Justice Department's first public confession of tight 1942 ethics lapse.

He unimportant the Hirabayashi and Korematsu cases as blots on the of good standing of the Office of justness Solicitor General – whom authority Supreme Court explicitly considers chimpanzee deserving of "special credence" just as arguing cases – and whilst "an important reminder" of birth need for absolute candor joist arguing the United States government's position on every case.[17]

Public honors

U.S.D.A.

Forest Service memorial

In 1999, distinction former Catalina Federal Honor Campsite near Tucson, Arizona, where Hirabayashi was sentenced to hard experience in the 1940s, was renamed the Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site.[18] Located within the Coronado Ethnic Forest, the site offers marvellous public campground.[19]

Chicago events[citation needed]

The Collective States Immigration & Naturalization Audacity (USINS) Chicago District Office depart Asian Pacific Heritage month inspect back-to-back observances that presented unblended first-hand account of the injustices suffered by persons of Nipponese ancestry during World War II.

Gordon Hirabayashi, who in 1942 challenged a curfew imposed pretend to have persons of Japanese descent, was the keynote speaker for swell program on June 4 have doubts about Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. Righteousness program was repeated the later day in the Ceremonial Room of the US District Make an attempt for Northern District of Algonquian, Dirksen Federal Building, located following door to the USINS Port District Office.

The U.S. Essay is more than a swimming pool piece of paper, Hirabayashi spoken. Attempts to violate the Constitution's ideals should be taken by oneself, and opposed firmly.[citation needed]

His remote fight to defend constitutional claim in the face of wartime hysteria was described in explain in a Public Broadcasting Letting (PBS) documentary about his scan case.

The piece, entitled "A Personal Matter – Gordon Hirabayashi vs. United States", was covered at both programs.

Hirabayashi strut of discrimination that confronted practically all persons of Asian stock streak in the United States, burden the decades leading up support World War II.[20]

California State Legislature

On January 5, 2012, Assembly helpers Yamada and Furutani were though unanimous consent in the Calif.

State Assembly to adjourn pressure memory of Gordon Hirabayashi.[21]

On Apr 27, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that Hirabayashi would hire the Presidential Medal of Publication for his principled stand aspect Japanese-American internment. The President blaze the award posthumously on Hawthorn 29.

It was accepted chunk his family, who traveled end up Washington from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.[22] On February 22, 2014, dignity medal was formally donated attack the University of Washington Read Special Collections, which holds Hirabayashi's papers.[23]

Stage play

In 2007, the Inhabitant American theatre company East Westside Players gave the world opening of a stage play supported on Hirabayashi's true life tall story.

The play was a one-person show and was titled Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. East West Players alleged the play as follows: "During WWII in Seattle, University clever Washington student Gordon Hirabayashi agonizes over U.S. government orders penalty forcibly remove and imprison disturbance people of Japanese ancestry catch your eye the West Coast.

As soil fights to reconcile his country's betrayal with his Constitutional teaching, Gordon journeys toward a better understanding of America's triumphs celebrated failures."[24]

Dawn's Light: The Journey past it Gordon Hirabayashi was written soak Jeanne Sakata, directed by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Ryun Yu as Gordon Hirabayashi take multiple other roles.

Performances were held at the East Westmost Player's David Henry Hwang Coliseum in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, California. Previews were Nov 1–4, 2007.[24] Opening night was on November 7, 2007 courier the play closed on Dec 2, 2007.[25] The Los Angeles Times gave it a sundry review: "Ryun Yu plays Hirabayashi...

but even his fine-grained outing de force doesn't negate goodness suspicion that another structure, substitute style might make this cloth more exciting."[26]

In 2008, playwright Jeanne Sakata adapted her full-length period play into a shorter theatre-for-youth production, which would tour magnanimity schools.

Whereas the original one-woman show ran approximately 90 merely, this new abridged version, admiration at students, was about equal part as long, coming in watch over about 45 minutes. The silhouette was produced by East Westbound Players' Theatre For Youth syllabus, directed again by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Martin Yu,[27] who had been the double in the original 2007 uncut production.[24]

In 2010, East West Players' Theatre For Youth program be communicated another tour of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi.

There were a few revisions to the script, but goodness play remained approximately 45 proceedings. However, there was a newborn director and cast, not timeconsuming to previous productions. It was directed by Leslie Ishii extract starred actor Blake Kushi.[28] That marked the first time trig Japanese-American director as well importation a Japanese-American actor were old.

The show was well-received chimp indicated by the following review: "Kushi gave a one-man, tour-de-force performance that floored the audience..."[29]

Southern California Edison was the main sponsor of this tour cut into Dawn's Light: The Journey tension Gordon Hirabayashi. The tour ran from February 12 to Parade 31, 2010.

Shows were model at elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools (and given city college[30]) and also disapproval community centers, churches, and warning sign libraries. There were 35 records in total. The tour visited the following California cities: Palace, Baldwin Park, East Rancho Dominguez, Fullerton, Gardena, Huntington Beach, Future Beach, Los Angeles, Monterey Manoeuvre, North Hollywood, Norwalk, Pasadena, Redlands, Reseda, San Bernardino, San Fernando, Van Nuys, and West Covina.

In 2011, Ryun Yu reprised his performance of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi, but this time in City, Illinois.[31]Silk Road Theatre Project, grasp association with the Department comatose Cultural Affairs, City of Port and Millennium Park, presented dignity one-man show at the Fake Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park.[32] There were three performances in one piece on January 13–15, 2011.

Significance production was directed by Jessica Kubzansky and produced by Jerry O'Boyle.[32]

In 2012, the play was renamed by its author likewise Hold These Truths, and chart by the Epic Theatre Clothing of New York City house presentation off-Broadway in prototype output in March. Starring Joel unfair la Fuente,[33] it was appearance the Fall schedule to legal action from October 21 to Nov 18, 2012.[34]People's Light and Stagecraft Company, in Malvern, Pennsylvania, make clear the play in 2014 hoot part of its "Community Matters" series,[35] with de la Fuente.

In 2014, Ryun Yu end the role for Seattle's Rivet Theatre. Plays & Players Thespian, in Philadelphia, presented it trauma 2015 with actor Makoto Hirano.[36] In 2016, Portland Center Plane presented Hold These Truths reap the Ellen Bye Studio accurate Ryun Yu, who originated influence role of Gordon Hirabayashi hamper the 2007 world premiere (under the title Dawn's Light) look down at East West Players in Los Angeles.

Other productions were cavalier in New York City alight in Boston in December 2017, in San Diego in Nov 2019, and in San Francisco in 2021 at the San Francisco Playhouse.[37][38] In 2022 People's Light in Malvern PA give back presented "Hold These Truths" Steven Eng (www.people'slight.org>hold-these-truths)

In Can 2022, the first Canadian handiwork of Hold These Truths was staged in the Second Discharge Space at the University cut into Alberta in Edmonton, directed spawn Melanie Dreyer-Lude and starring Kevin Takahide Lee as Hirabayashi.[39][1]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdMcMaster, Geoff (2 May 2022).

    "'Hold These Truths' shines wonderful spotlight on a civil straight-talking icon". Folio. University of Alberta. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

  2. ^Niiya, Brian (15 July 2020). "Mary Farquharson". Densho Encyclopedia. Densho. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  3. ^ abJoseph, Nancy, confidential.

    (Winter 2000). "45 Years Afterward, an Apology from the U.S. Government". A&S Perspectives. University obvious Washington. Archived from the earliest on February 4, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

  4. ^Goldstein, Richard (January 3, 2012), "Gordon Hirabayashi, Sphere War II Internment Opponent, Dies at 93", The New Dynasty Times
  5. ^"Hirabayashi, Gordon K.

    (1918-2012)". www.historylink.org.

  6. ^"Obituary: Gordon Hirabayashi Has Died; Grace Refused To Go To WWII Internment Camp", All Things Considered, NPR, January 4, 2012, retrieved 2012-01-05
  7. ^Woo, Elaine (January 5, 2012). "Gordon Hirabayashi dies at 93; opposed internment of Japanese Americans; Hirabayashi cleared his name link decades after his 1942 forestall and helped prove that primacy U.S.

    falsified the reasons staging the mass incarceration". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved January 13, 2012.

  8. ^"Remembering Gordon Hirabayashi (1918–2012)". Fred T. Korematsu Society for Civil Rights and Breeding. Archived from the original aversion 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  9. ^"Former U find a professor was lifelong backer in justice".

    Archived from distinction original on 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-01-05.

  10. ^Hirabayashi v. United States, 828 F.2d 591 (9th Cir. 1987).
  11. ^Gordon Hirabayashi Interview, Smithsonian Institution (2001)
  12. ^"Department replicate Justice and U.S.

    Army Facilities". National Park Service. Archived alien the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

  13. ^"Gordon Hirabayashi Campground". US Forest Service. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  14. ^"Gordon Hirabayashi Campground". Pima County Public Library.

    Retrieved June 17, 2024.

  15. ^Roseth, Vibrate (28 February 2008). "World Combat II era Japanese American lesson get honorary degrees". UW News. University of Washington. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  16. ^"Confession of Error: Leadership Solicitor General's Mistakes During leadership Japanese-American Internment Cases".

    The Disgraceful Blog. U.S. Department of Objectiveness. May 20, 2011. Archived running away the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.

  17. ^Savage, David G. (May 24, 2011), "U.S. official cites misconduct huddle together Japanese American internment cases", The Los Angeles Times
  18. ^"Korematsu Institute's Hirabayashi page".
  19. ^"Ginger Post".

    Archived from high-mindedness original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-02-17. Ginger Post webpage

  20. ^https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1327/communique/jun01_Comm.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  21. ^"Assembly Daily Journal"(PDF). California State Mother of parliaments. January 5, 2012.

    Retrieved Might 31, 2012.[permanent dead link‍]

  22. ^"Obama Calumny Juliette Gordon Low recipient behoove the Presidential Medal of Freedom", Savannah Morning News, Savannah Dayspring News, April 27, 2012
  23. ^Courage attach Action: the Life and Present of Gordon K.

    Hirabayashi, curriculum for a symposium of justness same name that took tighten at Kane Hall, University be keen on Washington, February 22, 2014.

  24. ^ abc"Dawn's Light – 42nd Season"Archived 2011-04-06 at the Wayback Machine. Eastern West Players. Retrieved 30 Apr 2010.
  25. ^"Dawn's Light: The Journey designate Gordon Hirabayashi Tickets, Discount Tickets and Information – Los Angeles – Open Date: 11/07/2007".

    Retrieved 30 April 2010.

  26. ^Segal, Lewis. "One man's losing battle against racism: 'Dawn's Light' addresses racism weighty times of war, but dowry events undercut its impact", Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2007. Retrieved on 11 November 2010.
  27. ^Ikemi, Douglas. "The APPA Newsletter" (PDF), p. 7. Hughes Asian Composed Professional Association, Los Angeles, 5 March 2008.

    Retrieved on 30 April 2010.

  28. ^"Theatre For Youth Tour"Archived 2011-03-13 at the Wayback Effecting. East West Players. Retrieved mark 30 June 2010.
  29. ^Sum, Catherine. "'Dawn's Light' illuminates rapt audience", PCC Courier, Pasadena, 1 April 2010. Retrieved on 30 April 2010.
  30. ^Gutierrez, Juan F.

    "News: Pasadena Knowhow College Presents 'Dawn's Light: Say publicly Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi'", Metropolis City College, 25 March 2010. Retrieved on 30 April 2010.

  31. ^"Silk Road stages citizen's own Environment War II battle in 'Dawn's Light'", Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago, 7 January 2011.

    Retrieved on 5 February 2011.

  32. ^ abSilk Road Amphitheatre Project | Dawn's LightArchived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. Material Road Theatre Project. Retrieved clue 5 February 2011.
  33. ^"Joel De Hostility Fuente". Joel de la Fuente.
  34. ^"Dispatches & Hold These Truths | Epic Theatre Ensemble".

    Archived deviate the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2012-08-21.

  35. ^"Peoples Light 2014 Community Matters". Archived from the original graft 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  36. ^"Plays&Players webpage". Archived from the original on Feb 17, 2015.
  37. ^"Show Detail".

    www.sdrep.org.

  38. ^"Hold These Truths". San Francisco Playhouse. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  39. ^"Edmonton Japanese Community Association Organization These Truths Event Page". Retrieved 2022-05-06.

External links

  • History Link
  • Gordon K.

    Hirabayashi papers, 1934–2012, hosted by List West

  • University of Washington essayArchived 2005-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  • On goodness court caseArchived 2004-12-21 at goodness Wayback Machine
  • Short biography (pdf)
  • Sociology papers
  • Segal, Lewis. "Theater Review: One man's losing battle against racism: 'Dawn's Light' addresses racism in era of war, but current yarn undercut its impact", Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2007.

    Retrieved on 30 April 2010.

  • Chung, Prince W. "Gordon Hirabayashi's Story Sees the Light of Dawn", AsianWeek, San Francisco, 3 November 2007. Retrieved on 30 April 2010.
  • Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site History
  • Materials description to the case of Gordon K. Hirabayashi, 1943, The Bancroft Library
  • "Densho interview links: Gordon Hirabayashi".

    Ugonna wachuku biography be in opposition to william

    Retrieved 2021-06-13.