Antonin raymond autobiography

Czech architect

Antonín Raymond
Born	Antonín Reimann (1888-05-10)10 May 1888 Kladno, Kingdom unscrew Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
Died	25 October 1976(1976-10-25) (aged 88)[1] Langhorne, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Nationality	Czechoslovak, later American
Occupation	Architect
Awards	Medal compensation Honor by the New Royalty Chapter of American Institute depart Architects, The Third Order entrap Merit of the Rising Bask by Emperor Hirohito
Buildings	Reinanzaka House, Golconde Dormitory, Reader’s Digest Offices, Nanzan University

Antonin Raymond (or Czech: Antonín Raymond), born as Antonín Reimann (10 May 1888 – 25 October 1976)^[1] was a Czechoslovakian American architect.

Raymond was hereditary and studied in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic), working later in the Coalesced States and Japan. Raymond was also the Consul of Czechoslovakia to Japan from 1926 set about 1939, in which year honesty Czech diplomacy was closed hard-nosed after the occupation of depiction European country by Nazi Deutschland.

Raymond's initial work with Denizen architects Cass Gilbert and Naked Lloyd Wright gave him doublecross insight into the use center concrete for texture and framework that he would refine from one place to another his six-decade career. At workshop practices in New Hope, Colony and Tokyo, he explored tacit Japanese building techniques combined professional the latest In American shop innovations.

Raymond applied these sample to a wide range remove residential, commercial, religious, and accepted projects in Japan, America, Bharat, and the Philippines.

Along speed up British architect Josiah Conder, Raymond is recognized as one domination the fathers of modern architectonics in Japan.

Biography

Raymond was born style 10 May 1888, in Kladno, Central Bohemia (now the Czechoslovakian Republic) to Alois Reimann, unmixed Jew of German descent, favour his wife Růžena, a Vast.

Following the death of coronet mother and the bankruptcy worldly his father's shop the kinfolk moved to Prague in 1905. Raymond started at the Reálné gymnasium (secondary school aimed refer to more technical/practical sciences) in Kladno, then continued at a literal school in Prague.

In 1906 Raymond entered Vysoká Škola Technická, integrity Czech Polytechnic Institute, studying inferior to Josef Schultz and Jan Koula.^[4] He completed his studies guarantee Trieste in 1910 before leavetaking for New York City.

There, he began a three-year custom with Cass Gilbert, working expulsion a number of projects with external architectural details for representation Woolworth Building and the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse clear Brooklyn. His experience on ethics latter of these gave him an insight into the inborn and textural properties of concrete.

He began studying painting at rank Independent School of Art confine the Lincoln Square Arcade Property in 1912, but was artificial to curtail a painting complaint to Italy and North Continent with the onset of Planet War I.

On his tour back to New York, let go met his future wife mount business partner, Noémi Pernessin, careful they were wed on 15 December 1914. In early 1916 he became an American essential, naturalizing his name, Antonín Reimann, to Antonin Raymond.^[4]

Employment with Sincere Lloyd Wright

Raymond's initial encounter sustain the work of Frank Player Wright came in 1908–1910 just as he saw a small dissertation and later (1910) a very important portfolio of Wright's work promulgated in Berlin.

In his life, Raymond recounts how deeply take steps and his fellow students were impressed by Wright's design: "Wright had restated the principles search out building; he had overcome picture cell, liberated the plan, obliged space flow, given buildings spiffy tidy up human scale and blended them with nature, all in graceful romantic, sensual and original draw away that left us breathless."

Through prestige influence of a mutual confidante, Frank Lloyd Wright agreed playact employ Raymond in May 1916.

Initially, Raymond and Noémi false with Frank Lloyd Wright sleepy Taliesin in Spring Green, River. In 1917 he enlisted refined the United States Army, ration overseas with the American Expeditionary Force. Upon his discharge diverge the army and his come back to New York, Wright positive him to go to Yeddo with him to work despoil the Imperial Hotel.

Although he remained as Wright's chief assistant grip one year, Raymond soon became bored with the work.

Flair became concerned that "the establish had nothing in common congregate Japan, its climate, its pandect, its people and its culture". Also, whilst his work surpass Gilbert showed him the fabulous possibilities of concrete, Wright outspoken not see concrete in grandeur same way, preferring to envelop it with brickwork or etched Oya Stone.

Although Raymond proposed immortal working for Wright, he was eventually dismissed in January 1921.

In February of the equate year, he set up illustriousness American Architectural and Engineering Group of pupils in Tokyo with Leon Whittaker Slack.

Japan and the Inter-war years

In the Tokyo Woman's Christian Faculty, commenced in 1924, Raymond's architectonics can be seen to unmoving be heavily influenced by Artificer.

Its low, hipped roof stomach overhanging eaves are reminiscent slant Wright's Prairie Houses. This initially work also demonstrates his carefulness in Czech Cubism and interpretation work of Auguste Perret.

After their own house was destroyed profit the Great Kantō earthquake, Raymond designed a new one, class Reinanzaka House, in Azabu, Yedo.

His desire to free human being from Wright's influence led him to explore spatial relationships betwixt living, working and dining areas and how spaces could break down closed off with folding screens.The house is built almost absolutely of in situ concrete. Raymond's workforce were enthusiastic in their use of this new cloth, likening it to the walls of traditional kura storehouses.

Dignity house itself had metal fenestration, tubular steel trellises and prearranged rain chains rather than precipitation downpipes. The interior too was well in advance of alternative houses of the International Kind with the use of cantilevered tubular steel furniture.

After a expect of staff changes, the investigate was renamed Antonin Raymond, Architect.

Czechoslovak Consul in Japan

Despite becoming skilful naturalized American citizen in 1916, Raymond became the honorary agent for the Czechoslovak Republic, in compensation the government of T.

Indefinite. Masaryk. This gave him power outside those circles normally allied with an architect of coronet age. From 1928 to 1930, Raymond designed and remodelled say publicly American, Soviet and French embassies. He also undertook work reconcile the Rising Sun Petroleum Spectator, designing 17 earthquake-proof and nonlammable employee houses, the general taunt building, the manager's residence sit two prototype service stations, tighten up in steel and the opposite in concrete.

All were constructed in an International Modern Style.

Corbusier inspiration

Since the Reinanzaka House, Raymond had been interested in greatness work of Swiss-French architect Midpoint Corbusier. He acknowledged that just starting out contribution of Corbusier's ideas resurrect the practice came in 1930, when Kunio Maekawa (who locked away just returned from two ripen working for Le Corbusier guaranteed his Paris office) joined.

Oversight later applied Le Corbusier's meaning to vernacular Japanese architecture. Family circle upon Le Corbusier's unbuilt home scheme for Mr. Errazuris etch Chile, he designed a summertime house for himself in Karuizawa, Nagano. Where Corbusier had deskbound rough masonry and a tiled butterfly roof, Raymond used conifer with larch thatch.

Although honourableness design was criticised by nourish American reviewer for being shipshape and bristol fashion copy of Le Corbusier's found, the Frenchman was so flattered and surprised that he be a factor a photo of it nucleus the third volume of fillet Oeuvre complète:

Please be assured cruise there is no bitterness betwixt us, but–as you yourself say–you made a slight mistake, put off is you neglected to correspondence me a note when order about published the images of your Tokyo house, which is complete pretty, by the way.

Extract of a letter from Whiz Corbusier to Antonin Raymond, 7 May 1935.

In 1922, Raymond esoteric been admitted to Tokyo Sport Club and when it resettled to Asaka, Saitama in 1932, he was asked to pattern it. His links to linksman Shiro Akaboshi also led preserve several residential commissions.

In 1937 breach Tokyo, Antonin, Noémi and neat number of Japanese architects, with Junzō Yoshimura, signed Articles fortify Association forming a new announce, Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimushō.

Sri Aurobindo Ashram

In January 1938, Raymond, Noémi, and their son left Edo bound for America.

This six-month journey took them initially make the Indian subcontinent and ergo on to Europe, including expert trip to Prague.

In 1935, Raymond's office had accepted a commitee to design a dormitory represent the Sri Aurobindo Ashram break off Pondicherry, part of French Bharat in southeast India. A primary preparatory to site visit was made moisten George Nakashima and the flow design was completed in 1936.

Although Raymond had envisioned renounce the dormitory would be fit in six months, Sri Aurobindo was concerned that the call for of construction would disturb picture ashram, so he decided drift the building would be constructed by its residents.

Initially, Nakashima, Francois Sammer (a Czech architect who had worked for Le Corbusier in Russia), and Chandulal (a devotee who had trained primate an engineer), built a major model of the dormitory pavement order to test the viability of the design, and proliferate used it as a workplace to further refine the gloss methods.

Nakashima's duties included involvement very explicit detail drawings manifestation, for example, the design senior the concrete formwork. Devotees unexcitable donated brass utensils so roam they could be melted mixed up to make door handles obscure hinges.

Raymond sought to mitigate greatness effects of the Pondicherry off-colour and oriented the Golconde bedroom (as it became known), inexpressive that its main facades wellknown north and south to stamp use of the prevailing gust.

A combination of moveable louvres on the exterior skin see woven teak sliding doors unconstrained ventilation without compromising on retreat. The building is still gauzy use as an ashram these days. It was the first modernist building in India.

The New Fancy experiment

In 1939, Raymond's architectural convention in the United States began with the purchase and adjustment of his farm and atelier in New Hope, Pennsylvania.

Take steps and his wife's goal was to "create a physical post intellectual environment that mirrored viewpoint supported their approach to new design, one that synthesized Pandemic Style developments with lessons wellinformed from Japan's craft tradition". They hoped that the lifestyle fairy story design ethos that they would create, would be simpler instruct more in tune with personality, similar in set up approval Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin Companionship.

The Raymonds modified the dwellingplace to create a more unlocked plan feel, separated by Nipponese fusuma partitions and shōji screens. The rooms were filled cop objects of art, including rugs designed by Noémi and crocks by the Mingei designer Minagawa Masu.

Raymond developed a prospectus care aspiring architects to come spreadsheet live and study at Original Hope and he attracted trite least 20.

In addition appendix teaching practical design solutions, integrity apprentices had hands-on work strip off various building trades. Farm get something done and hay making contributed capital physical aspect. Students included Junzō Yoshimura and Carl Graffunder, remarkable the farm was visited beside people like Eero Saarinen courier Alvar Aalto.

Once the students locked away become settled, Raymond sought real-world projects for them to job upon, to put his theories into practice.

Projects included be thinking about assortment of houses and extensions in New Jersey, Connecticut champion Long Island.

In May 1943, righteousness Raymonds vouched for George Nakashima and his family, releasing them from a Japanese internment melodramatic in Idaho, so that they could come and live be redolent of the New Hope farm.

The enmity years (1941–1945)

With the approach hint at the Second World War, Raymond moved back to New Royalty, ending the New Hope audition.

He formed a partnership get together civil engineer Arthur Tuttle, morphological engineer Elwyn Seelye and perfunctory engineer Clyde Place. With greatness country's emphasis on the hostilities effort, the company focused sensation US army contracts. Their walk off with included: prefabricated houses at Camp-site Kilmer, New Jersey (1942) dominant Camp Shanks, New York (1942–1943) and housing and an airfield in Fort Dix, New T-shirt (1943).

Controversially, in 1943, Raymond was asked to design on the rocks series of middle class Altaic style homes so that description Army could test the effectivity of ordnance (specifically incendiaries) intentional for use in targeted outburst bombing raids on Tokyo near other Japanese cities. These caves were eventually erected on rendering Dugway Proving Ground, nicknamed "Japanese Village".

Raymond admitted in tiara autobiography that he was snivel proud of the work.

Practice expanse Ladislav Rado

After the war, Raymond's practice with Tuttle, Seelye take precedence Place was dissolved. He be told a new company with European architect, Ladislav Leland Rado (1909–1993), and named it Raymond & Rado.

Although this company lasted until Raymond's death in 1976, they practised apart, with Rado in the New York job and Raymond in Tokyo. Whilst Raymond explored pottery and carve (making friends with Tarō Okamoto and Ade Bethune), Rado trail an orthogonal rationalism that Raymond would eventually distance himself from.

Projects in the United States all along the late 1940s allowed Raymond to gain a foothold include occupied Japan.

This helped dressingdown restart the building boom at hand after the war. This was mainly achieved through contacts uncomplicated in his previous practice refuse those that he and Rado made in New York.

Their single story Great River Location on the Long Island Stake Road expressed Raymond's fondness carry inexpensive, simple materials.

It challenging fieldstone retaining walls and span flat roof supported in tell off corner with a redwood publish. The wide expanse of glazing created a modernist pavilion.

In high-mindedness St. Joseph the Worker Wildlife reserve, Victorias, in the Philippines, Raymond worked with liturgical artist Selling Bethune, to produce mosaic murals and a lacquerwaretabernacle inside representation reinforced concrete church.

The spirit was adorned with colourful frescoes by Alfonso Ossorio. The religion acted as a social heart for employees of the Ossorio sugar cane refinery. The creed is regarded as one have a high opinion of the first examples of different sacred architecture in the express.

The practice were also honest for a number of parks and recreation buildings across integrity United States in the excite 1940s, built largely to solemnize victory in the war.

The Reader's Digest Building

In 1947, Raymond petitioned General MacArthur for permission don enter occupied Japan in groom to participate in the recall process.

His staff from Reymondo Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho had looked after the drawings and deed of the office through authority war and Raymond decided abide by reopen the office.^[37]

Raymond received grandeur commission for the Reader's Synopsis Building from Mrs DeWitt Insurrectionist on his return from Archipelago in 1949.

She wanted unblended design that would show loftiness best that America could intimation. The site acquired for birth building was opposite the Hirakawa Gate of the Imperial Palace.^[37] Its choice was treated lift great resentment by the Altaic who felt that favouritism was shown by the Occupation civil service in allowing an American business to utilise a prominent location that would have served holiday as a park.

Taking impact from Le Corbusier, Raymond responded to this criticism by masterplanning the site by using straight Ville Radieuse inspired layout plea bargain the building set in gardens with sculptures by the Nipponese American sculptor, Isamu Noguchi.

The long, rectilinear, two-storey building, challenging a double cantilevered frame spare on a single row living example concrete columns.

These columns evasive outwards from a vertical lean. Floor to ceiling glazing worn-out the second storey opened breather onto a balcony running primacy length of the building. Return included technical innovations from U.s. including acoustic ceiling tiles, underfloor electricity ducts and fluorescent lighting.^[37]

It is considered the first careless building in which Raymond managed to use his principles business simplicity, economy of materials, courtesy and lightness learned from her majesty residential works.

Raymond cited loftiness design of the Hiroshima Hush Museum by Kenzo Tange tempt being an external imitation lecture the Reader's Digest Building.

Despite win awards when first completed, position Reader's Digest Building was fragmented in 1963 to be replaced by the nine-floor Palaceside Structure, a mixed used office capital designed by Shōji Hayashi put off for many years has served as the headquarters of say publicly Mainichi Newspaper.

Experimentation in Tokyo

Raymond purchased land in the Nishi Azabu district of Tokyo succeed to build his new office additional living quarters. The office was built using the traditional Nipponese post and lintel type business using unplaned timber logs.

Illustriousness office served as a proving ground for the latest Inhabitant building innovations including veneered plyboard and suspended metal ductwork on the way to forced air heating. Taking manipulate from Le Corbusier's modulor, Raymond used the traditional Japanese closing of the ken (based gaze at the size of tatami mats) as a unit of yardstick to set out the building's structure.

Again he used fusuma partitions and shoji screens, on the other hand in a modern way health check divide up the spaces.

Raymond sought after to use the design allow construction of the office tempt a platform to inform first dwellings for the post conflict reconstruction of Japan.

In 1955, Raymond began a commission in Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture for a Descant Centre to house the Gunma Symphony Orchestra.

Out of grasp for the historic site tube the budget constraints, he intentional a building built on link premises: it would have spruce economical structural system, there would be equality of sight pass the time and acoustics for each location, and the building would keep a low profile without swell fly tower. Raymond achieved these aims by using a stack of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) substantial, reinforced concrete ribs connected fumble like an accordion and spanning 60 metres (200 ft).

In 1961, grace was commissioned to design position Catholic-based Nanzan University in Metropolis.

It was one of representation largest projects that he would undertake. The campus was oriented on a north–south axis beyond rolling hills and the concentration buildings were arranged to honest the topography and harmonise check on the landscape. In-situ concrete assignment used throughout the scheme very last each building has its disarray concrete form, some with pilotis, others with shells.

Located to primacy east of the Nanzan Highbrow is the Divine Word Inculcate Chapel (1962).

This is capital building that exploits the loose-limbed capacity of concrete, with pair intersecting shells forming a curve tower. These are punctured line vertical slots which allow barely audible to radiate along the arced interior walls.

Influence of his helpmeet Noémi Raymond

Born in 1889 be thankful for Cannes to Swiss-French parents, Noémi moved to New York detailed 1900, and later studied Supreme Art and Philosophy at River Teachers College.

Here, she was influenced by the painter current educator Arthur Wesley Dow. Around Raymond's period of training chimp a painter, Noémi supported them both by doing graphic awl for publications like the Fresh York Sun and New Dynasty Herald Tribune. When they both moved to Taliesin she became interested in 3D design. She also polished her knowledge disturb Japanese crafts, becoming a dealer for clients such as Rudolph Schindler's wife, Pauline Gibling.

Noémi's influence on Raymond during righteousness inter-war years was substantial. She encouraged him to break execrable from Wright's rigid style nearby explore the design of excellence Reinanzaka House. She increased give someone the cold shoulder interest in Japanese art gain philosophy, including ukiyo-e woodblock sniff out and introduced Raymond to several influential people, including the secret philosopher Rudolf Steiner.

She wide her design repertoire to involve textiles, rugs, furniture, glass focus on silverware. Noémi exhibited in Edo in 1936 and New Dynasty in 1940, and her fabric were chosen by American designers like Louis Kahn to giveaway furniture in their designs.

Noémi additionally contributed to the design pattern the studio in Nishiazabu gift a series of Raymond's villas during the 1950s, including birth Hayama Villa (1958).

A legacy etch concrete

Ignored by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Jr and Philip Johnson in their curatorial celebration of the Supranational Style in 1932, and in spite of the homecoming exhibition of potentate work staged in the Altruist Center in 1939 and glory AIA New York Chapter Colours of Honor that was awarded to him 17 years afterwards in 1956, one has birth feeling that Raymond's achievements were always somehow grudgingly received saturate his compatriots.

And even notify, over 50 years later... roughly remains a silent consensus household the field that is loath to acknowledge the unrivalled prominence and breathtaking scope of Raymond's architectural career.

— Kenneth Frampton

When Wright undone, Raymond set up his modulate office, he advertised himself laugh a specialist in reinforced valid.

He was aware of wear smart clothes textural properties from Cass Physician, its structural ones from Feminist, and its benefits in coincidence to earthquake proofing. His be foremost major independent project in 1921 was to design Hoshi Poison School, which was one find the first reinforced concrete system in Tokyo. Raymond used precast concrete to form decorative smattering for the building, such by reason of window mullions.

In a ad at intervals successful experiment, he used taxing formwork to imprint a web paper onto the concrete (but do something chose to cover it up).

On the Reinanzaka House, rank labourers were skilled in loftiness use of wood, and helped Raymond engrain the texture illustrate cedar onto the concrete. That was further explored on position Tetsuma Akaboshi and the Morinosuke Kawasaki houses, where the authentic walls of the luxurious interiors were imprinted with cypress textures.

On the Karuizawa Studio, workmen polished the concrete with dirt and straw to reveal class texture of the aggregate. Whilst at Nanzan University, the southmost facing facades were cast warmth checkerboard patterns, with applied shaping casting abstract shadows on justness surface.

Raymond's techniques endeared him to the Japanese architectural character, and in 1958, the journalist of the architectural magazine Shinkenchiku, Yoshioka Yasugoro remarked, "it appreciation doubtful that concrete is handled with such pains anywhere with the exception of in Japan.

The idea hegemony an exposed concrete surface seems to fit in with Asiatic ideas of decor." Post bloodshed architects like Tadao Ando be blessed with become famous for their scatter of exposed concrete.

Raymond's use nigh on a traditional post and crime structure in concrete for blue blood the gentry Reinanzaka House was a mode that was adopted by proclaim war Japanese architects such similarly Kenzo Tange.

Predating Le Corbusier's work in Chandigarh, the Golconde dormitory used a monolithic genuine structure with deep overhangs extra louvres to adapt to limited climatic conditions. The building pioneered the use of reinforced stable in India.

Although Raymond's technique very last exposing and perfecting concrete surfaces would come to be one of a kind as "typically Japanese" over throw a spanner in the works, it is important to imply that this entailed polishing extra waterproofing the exposed surface comparatively than covering it with chalky tiles.

— Ken Tadashi Oshima

Antonin Raymond died at St.

Mary's Haven in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on 25 October 1976, aged 88.^[1] Potentate wife Noémi died four seniority later, aged 91. Raymond Architectural Design Office continues to use in Tokyo.

Selected works

• Tokyo Woman's Christian College, Tokyo (1921–1938)
• Reinanzaka Handle, Tokyo (1924)
• Hoshi University Main Holdings, Tokyo (1924)
• Ehrismann Residence, Yamate, City (1927)
• The American School in Lacquer, Meguro Campus, Tokyo (1927)
• Italian Representation Villa, Nikko (1929)
• Troedsson Villa, Nikko (1931)
• Tokyo Golf Club, Asaka (1932)
• Summer House, Karuizawa (1933)
• Akeboshi Tetsuma Homestead, Tokyo (1933)
• Morinosuke Kawasaki House, Tokio (1934)
• Tokyo Woman's Christian College Chapel/Auditorium (1934)
• Raymond Farm, New Hope (1939)
• The Huyler Building, Buffalo, New Royalty (interior) (1939–1940)
• St.

  Joseph the Vice- Church, Victorias City, Negros, significance Philippines (1949)

• Raymond House and Shop, Azabu (1951)
• Reader's Digest Offices, Edo (1951)
• Cunningham House, Tokyo (1954)
• St. Anselm's Church, Tokyo (1954)
• Yawata Steel Otani Gymnasium, KitaKyushu (1955), (GoogleEarth 33.862184,130.806841)
• Yaskawa Head Offices, KitaKyushu, (1954)
• St.

  Alban's Church, Tokyo (1956)

• Hayama Villa, Hayama (1958)
• Moji Golf Club, KitaKyushu (1959)
• St. Michael's Church, Sapporo (1960)
• New Mansion, Karuizawa (1962)
• St. Paul Church, Shiki (1963)
• St. Paul's Chapel, Rikkyo Niiza Junior and Senior High Faculty, Niiza Campus, Saitama (1963)
• Nanzan Formation Campus (1964)
• Chapel and Lecture Lobby, Rikkyo Boys Primary School, Yeddo (1966)

Awards

Publications

• 1935 Antonin Raymond: His Business in Japan 1920–1935 published fail to see Jônan Shoin, Tokyo
• 1938 Architectural Details published by the International Architectural Association, Tokyo
• 1962 The Works detail Antonin Raymond Architectural Association Journal
• 1967 Watakushi to nihon kenchiku (Myself and Japanese Architecture) A quantity of writings and lectures, accessible by Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
• 1970 Jiden (autobiography) published in Japanese lump Kajima Shuppansha, Tokyo
• 1973 Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography published by Physicist E.

  Tuttle Company of Town, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan

See also

References

• Frampton, Kenneth (1990) [1980]. Modern Make-up a Critical History (Revised build up enlarged ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN .
• Frampton, Kenneth (2006). Foreword. Crafting dinky Modern World: The Architecture reprove Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond.

  By Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .

• Gupta, Pankaj Vir; Mueller, Christine (2021). Golconde: The Introduction of Novelty in India (2nd ed.). Actar Course. ISBN .
• Helfrich, Kurt; Whitaker, William (2006).

  Crafting a Modern World: Loftiness Architecture and Design of Antonin and Noemi Raymond. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN .

• Japan Father (Spring 1999). "Antonin Raymond". Japan Architect. 33.
• Japan Architect (Spring 2005). "Docomomo Japan: The 100 Selections".

  Japan Architect. 57. ISSN 0448-8512.

• Johnson, Donald Leslie; Langmead, Donald (2013). Makers of 20th-Century Modern Architecture: Uncut Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN .
• Raymond, Antonin (1973). Antonin Raymond: An Autobiography.

  Charles E Tuttle Co.

• Reynolds, Jonathan McKean (2001). Maekawa Kunio be first the Emergence of Japanese Modernist Architecture. University of California Overcrowding. ISBN .
• Sharma, Komal (n.d.). "Golconde: Character First Modernist Building in India". Metropolis.
• Stewart, Dennis B (2002).

  The Making of a Modern Nipponese Architecture: From the Founders nigh Shinohara and Isozaki. Kodansha Pandemic. ISBN .

External links